Interoperability (ICT)

In the context of information technology, interoperability refers to the ability of different systems and devices to exhange information. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability

Interoperability (ICT) View Taxon in all lists

In the context of information technology, interoperability refers to the ability of different systems and devices to exhange information. See also https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interoperability

Collaborative and decentralized application architectures and development tools

General interoperability framework

Application level interoperability

Modular Design and Deployment Approaches

Open APIs and Communication Protocols

Wireless communication protocols

Web-services / Composability

Integration level interoperability Description

APIs and Integration Protocols Description

API's (and REST API's) need to be carefully protected through mechanisms limiting access on the basis of identity and authorizing and authenticating through managed and controlled mechanisms. Usually certificates and IP-addresses are being used to restrict access to API's, but a more granular approach is advisable from a Security Architecture perspective. Other architectures being used as Integratio Protocols in Digital Manufacturing Platforms are JSON (for its near real time capabilities) and MQ (message bus architectures). The letter being less secure, since it provides a continuous stream of information which is being sent to a destination.

Connectivity & network interoperability – communication protocols

Data/object model interoperability - Data exchange formats - APIs

Semantic/information interoperability

Platform level interoperability

AAA - Access, Authorisation and Authentication Description

Authorisation is the process of allowing an entity (humans, systems or devices) to access information systems or facilities where information and processing capabilities are being stored. More practical in an industrial setting for Digital Manufacturing Platforms, an authorized person can get access to an operational machine in order to update it, or investigate its contents. Unauthorized access could be someone who has been able to access the network from the outside, performing actions that have not been authorized and cannot be justified.

Authentication is a means to assess the authorization rules of an entity by means of a set of instruments. In the case of Digital Manufacturing Platforms it would be the instruments like user name and password, and in addition a second factor such as a physical token or a mobile phone that can authenticate the person accessing the platform. The physical token connects the person to something he has, the password to something he knows.

A third A in the AAA-architecture is related to Access. Once authorized, and authenticated, access can be granted to the location, system, application, and / or information. Access control levels can thus be set up on different layers. These can be physical (access to the country, to the plant, to the building, the room and the environment where the system is located), and logical (using authentication technologies). In Digital Manufacturing Platforms this means the systems could be accessible only on premise, in the factory or for instance in the (private or public) cloud. As a result different access mechanisms needs to be considered, depending on the risk and intended security levels and controls.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA_(computer_security) ; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorization

Motivating Scenario / Use-Case

User Acccess and Rights Management

Industrial Reference ICT Architectures

Industrial Internet Reference Archtectures (IIRA) Description

First published in 2015 and best known as the IIRA, this standards-based architectural template and methodology enables Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) system architects to design their own systems based on a common framework and concepts. (See https://www.iiconsortium.org/IIRA.htm and in particular https://hub.iiconsortium.org/iira)

Reference Architectural Model Industrie 4.0 (RAMI 4.0) Description

RAMI 4.0 Vertical Axis and associated standards Description

The items and descriptions are sourced from:

ISO/IEC/TR 63306-1 Ed.1.0 - Smart Manufacturing Standards Map (SM2) - Part 1 : Framework
Federal Ministry of Economic Affairs and Energy -Alignment Report for Reference Architectural Model for Industrie 4.0 / Intelligent Manufacturing System Architecture. Sino-German Industrie 4.0 / Intelligent Manufacturing. Standardisation Sub-Working Group

Business Layer (RAMI 4.0) Description

The business layer focuses on standards that represent business objectives and the resulting overall processes regarding the exchanged information at the lower layers. The layer addresses regulatory and market perspectives, business models, business cases and products, business processes and regulations influencing business models.

B2MML - Business To Manufacturing Markup Language Description

DIN SPEC 13266:2020-04 - Guideline for the development of deep learning image recognition systems Description

DIN SPEC 92001-1:2019-04 - Artificial Intelligence -Life Cycle Processes and Quality Requirements -Part 1: Quality Metamodel Description

DIN SPEC 92001-2 - Artificial Intelligence - Life Cycle Processes and Quality Requirements - Part 2: Robustness Description

EN 61310 sreies - Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation Description

EN 9100 - General quality management requirements for aviation Description

IEC /TR 62837:2013 - Energy efficiency through automation systems Description

IEC 62559-2:2015 - Use case methodology - Part 2: Definition of the templates for use cases, actor list and requirements list Description

IEC 62890:2020 - Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Life-cycle-management for systems and components Description

IEC 63278-1 ED1 - Asset administration shell (AAS) for industrial applications -Part 1:Administration shell structure Description

IEC TS 62832-1:2016 - Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Digital factory framework - Part 1: General principles Description

ISO 18828-3:2017 - Industrial automation systems and integration — Standardized procedures for production systems engineering — Part 3: Information flows in production planning processes Description

ISO 21632:2018 - Graphic technology — Determination of the energy consumption of digital printing devices including transitional and related modes Description

ISO 23570-1:2005 - Industrial automation systems and integration — Distributed installation in industrial applications — Part 1: Sensors and actuators Description

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Function Layer (RAMI 4.0) Description

The function layer includes standards that cumulate common functions derived from applications, systems and components. Remote access and horizontal integration take place within the layer to ensures the integrity of the information and conditions in the process and the integration of the technical level.

Apache Kafka - Apache Kafka Description

B11.0 - 2020 - Safety of Machinery Description

B11.Tr10—202x - Functional Safety of Artificial Intelligence for Machinery Applications Description

CWA 17492:2020 - Predictive control and maintenance of data intensive industrial processes (MONSOON) Description

EN 16646:2014 - Maintenance -Maintenance within physical asset management Description

EN 17007:2017 - Maintenance process and associated indicators Description

EN 61069 series - Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Evaluation of system properties for the purpose of system assessment Description

EN 61310 sreies - Safety of machinery - Indication, marking and actuation Description

EN 62745:2017 - Safety of machinery - Requirements for cableless control systems of machinery (IEC 62745:2017) Description

IEC /TR 62837:2013 - Energy efficiency through automation systems Description

IEC 61131 series - Programmable controllers - ALL PARTS Description

IEC 61499 series - Function blocks Description

IEC 61800 series - Adjustable speed electrical power drive systems Description

IEC 61804 series - Function blocks (FB) for process control and electronic device description language (EDDL) Description

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IEC 62443 series - Security for industrial automation and control systems - ISA 99 Description

Publisher: ANSI, IEC, ISA - License: ANSI, IEC, ISA

See also:

https://www.iec.ch/cybersecurity/?ref=extfooter
https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-standards/isa-standards-committees/isa99 (Including a diagram depicting the status of the various work products in the ISA/IEC 62443 series of IACS standards and technical report)
in German: https://www.dke.de/de/arbeitsfelder/industry/iec-62443-cybersecurity-industrieautomatisierung

The ISA/IEC 62443 standard specifies security capabilities for (industrial) control system components. Developed by the ISA99 committee and adopted by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), provides a framework to address and mitigate security vulnerabilities in industrial automation and control systems (IACSs). it is based upon the input and knowledge of IACS security experts from across the globe to develop consensus standards that are applicable to all industry sectors and critical infrastructure. Central is the application of IACS security zones and conduits (isolation & segmentation), which were introduced in 62443-1-1,

ISA-62443-4-2, Security for Industrial Automation and Control Systems: Technical Security Requirements for IACS Components, provides the cybersecurity technical requirements for components that make up an IACS, specifically the embedded devices, network components, host components, and software applications.

Based on the IACS system security requirements of ISA/IEC 62443‑3-3, System Security Requirements and Security Levels, 4-2 specifies security capabilities that enable a component to mitigate threats for a given security level without the assistance of compensating countermeasures.

ISA/IEC 62443-4-1, Product Security Development Life-Cycle Requirements, specifies process requirements for the secure development of products used in an IACS and defines a secure development life cycle for developing and maintaining secure products. The life cycle includes security requirements definition, secure design, secure implementation (including coding guidelines), verification and validation, defect management, patch management, and product end of life.

ISA/IEC 62443-3-2, Security Risk Assessment, System Partitioning and Security Levels, is based on the understanding that IACS security is a matter of risk management. 3-2 will define a set of engineering measures to guide organizations through the process of assessing the risk of a particular IACS and identifying and applying security countermeasures to reduce that risk to tolerable levels.

By aligning the identified target security level with the required security level capabilities 3‑3, System Security Requirements and Security Levels it takes the earlier 1-1 standard a step further. 2-3, Patch Management in the IACS Environment addresses the installation of patches, also called software updates, software upgrades, firmware upgrades, service packs, hot fixes, basic input/output system updates, and other digital electronic program updates that resolve bug fixes, operability, reliability, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. It covers many of the problems and industry concerns associated with IACS patch management for asset owners and IACS product suppliers. It also describes the effects poor patch management can have on the reliability and operability of an IACS.

Information Layer (RAMI 4.0) Description

The information layer focuses on standards that regulate information flows, information objects and data models being used by components, services and their functions to exchange information. A common semantic base is the key requirement to ensure consistent integration of different data and achieve interoperability between components at this layer.

Apache Kafka - Apache Kafka Description

B2MML - Business To Manufacturing Markup Language Description

DCAT - Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) - Version 2 Description

DIN SPEC 16592:2016 - Combining OPC Unified Architecture and Automation Markup Language. Description

DIN SPEC 2343:2020-09 - Transmission of language-based data between artificial intelligences - Specification of parameters and formats Description

DIN SPEC 91406:2019-12 - Automatic identification of physical objects and information on physical objects in IT systems, particularly IoT systems Description

eCl@ss - eCl@ss Description

EN 10219-1:2006 - Cold Formed Welded structural Hollow Sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels -Part 1: Technical delivery conditions Description

EN 10305-3:2016 - Steel Tubes for precision applications -Technical delivery conditions -Part 3: Welded cold sized tubes Description

EN 10305-5:2016 - Steel tubes for precision applications -Technical delivery conditions -Part 5: Welded cold sized square and rectangular tubes Description

IEC /TR 62837:2013 - Energy efficiency through automation systems Description

IEC 61131 series - Programmable controllers - ALL PARTS Description

IEC 61158 series - Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications Description

IEC 61360-1:2017 - Standard data element types with associated classification scheme - Part 1: Definitions - Principles and methods Description

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IEC 62443 series - Security for industrial automation and control systems - ISA 99 Description

Publisher: ANSI, IEC, ISA - License: ANSI, IEC, ISA

See also:

https://www.iec.ch/cybersecurity/?ref=extfooter
https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-standards/isa-standards-committees/isa99 (Including a diagram depicting the status of the various work products in the ISA/IEC 62443 series of IACS standards and technical report)
in German: https://www.dke.de/de/arbeitsfelder/industry/iec-62443-cybersecurity-industrieautomatisierung

Communication Layer (RAMI 4.0) Description

The communication layer includes standards regarding integration and communication protocols as well as related mechanisms that contribute to interoperability of components. Also includes the provision of services for control of the integration processes

ANSI/MTC1.4-2018 - MTConnect Description

Apache Kafka - Apache Kafka Description

Camera Link - Camera Link Description

GigE Vision - GigE Vision Description

HTTP/REST standards - (standards collection) Description

IEC /TR 62837:2013 - Energy efficiency through automation systems Description

IEC 60445:2017 RLV - Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification - Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors Description

IEC 61131 series - Programmable controllers - ALL PARTS Description

IEC 61158 series - Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications Description

IEC 61499 series - Function blocks Description

IEC 61784 series - Industrial communication networks - Profiles Description

IEC 62264 series - Enterprise-control system integration - Part 2: Object and attributes for enterprise-control system integration Description

IEC 62443 series - Security for industrial automation and control systems - ISA 99 Description

Publisher: ANSI, IEC, ISA - License: ANSI, IEC, ISA

See also:

https://www.iec.ch/cybersecurity/?ref=extfooter
https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-standards/isa-standards-committees/isa99 (Including a diagram depicting the status of the various work products in the ISA/IEC 62443 series of IACS standards and technical report)
in German: https://www.dke.de/de/arbeitsfelder/industry/iec-62443-cybersecurity-industrieautomatisierung

IEC 62541 series - OPC unified architecture -ALL PARTS Description

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ALTFI-01-2017 Improving access by innovative SMEs to alternative forms of finance

FTIPilot-01-2016 Fast Track to Innovation Pilot

Resources Layer (RAMI 4.0) Description

The resources layer addresses standards regarding the distribution of all participating physical Industry 4.0 components. This includes equipment and machinery (typically at field and process level), control systems, applications and network infrastructure.

Camera Link - Camera Link Description

IEC /TR 62837:2013 - Energy efficiency through automation systems Description

IEC 60445:2017 RLV - Basic and safety principles for man-machine interface, marking and identification - Identification of equipment terminals, conductor terminations and conductors Description

IEC 61158 series - Industrial communication networks - Fieldbus specifications Description

IEC 61784 series - Industrial communication networks - Profiles Description

IEC 62424 - Representation of process control engineering - Requests in P&I diagrams and data exchange between P&ID tools and PCE-CAE tools Description

IEC 62443 series - Security for industrial automation and control systems - ISA 99 Description

Publisher: ANSI, IEC, ISA - License: ANSI, IEC, ISA

See also:

https://www.iec.ch/cybersecurity/?ref=extfooter
https://www.isa.org/standards-and-publications/isa-standards/isa-standards-committees/isa99 (Including a diagram depicting the status of the various work products in the ISA/IEC 62443 series of IACS standards and technical report)
in German: https://www.dke.de/de/arbeitsfelder/industry/iec-62443-cybersecurity-industrieautomatisierung

IEC 62453 series - Field device tool (FDT) interface specification Description

IEC 62890:2020 - Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Life-cycle-management for systems and components Description

IEC 63278-1 ED1 - Asset administration shell (AAS) for industrial applications -Part 1:Administration shell structure Description

IEC TS 62832-1:2016 - Industrial-process measurement, control and automation - Digital factory framework - Part 1: General principles Description

ISO 15746 series - Automation systems and integration — Integration of advanced process control and optimization capabilities for manufacturing systems- SER Description

ISO/IEC 27000:2018 - Information technology -Security techniques -Information security management systems -Overview and vocabulary Description

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Terminology (RAMI 4.0)

DCAT - Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT) - Version 2 Description

EN 13306:2018 - Maintenance -Maintenance terminology Description

IEC 61511-1:2016+AMD1:2017 CSV Consolidated version - Functional safety - Safety instrumented systems for the process industry sector - Part 1: Framework, definitions, system, hardware and application programming requirements Description

IEC 62264-1:2013 - IEC 62264-1:2013 Enterprise-control system integration — Part 1: Models and terminology Description

ISO 13372:2012 - Condition monitoring and diagnostics of machines — Vocabulary Description

ISO 14539:2000 - Manipulating Industrial Robots--Object handling with grasp-type grippers --Vocabulary and presentation of characteristics Description

ISO 20534:2018 - Industrial automation systems and integration -Formal semantic models for the configuration of global production networks Description

ISO 22739:2020 - Blockchain and distributed ledger technologies -Terminology Description

ISO 8373:2012 - Robots and robotic devices — Vocabulary Description

ISO 9000 GLOSSARY - Glossary -Guidance on selected words used in the ISO 9000 family of standards Description

ISO 9787:2013 - Robots and robotic devices — Coordinate systems and motion nomenclatures Description

ISO/IEC 17788:2014 - Information technology -Cloud computing -Overview and vocabulary Description

ISO/IEC 20546:2019 - Information technology - Big data - Overview and vocabulary Description

ISO/IEC 20924:2018 - Information technology — Internet of Things (IoT) — Vocabulary Description

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RAMI 4.0 Hierarchy Axis and associated standards Description

On the right horizontal axis of RAMI 4.0 are the hierarchy levels from IEC 62264, the international standards series for enterprise IT and control systems. These hierarchy levels represent the different functionalities within factories or facilities. The IEC 62264 standard is based upon ANSI/ISA-95. To represent the Industry 4.0 environment, these functionalities have been expanded to include work pieces, labeled 'Product', and the connection to the Internet of Things and services, labeled 'Connected World'. (From https://www.isa.org).

Industry 4.0 promotes a less hierarchical approach of lexible systems and machines were functions are distributed through the network. The network can cross company boundaries ('Connected World'). Participants interact across hierarchical levels: participants are able to communicate with each other. Products are part of the network. See also https://www.plattform-i40.de/PI40/Redaktion/EN/Downloads/Publikation/rami40-an-introduction.html

Control device

Field Device

Work station

Work centres - Production lines

Enterprise - Factory

Connected Enterprises - Factories

Product

The IDS Reference Architecture Model (IDS RAM) Description

Integration with legacy systems