Description ; • Continue to promote and support the involvement of SMEs in the new launch of open calls for IAs; • Reinforce the brand and image of the Competence Centers Network of Excellence as well as their
Organisation Chalmers University of Technology
Comments Domain 3 - Digital, Virtual and Resource-efficient Factories Impact Workshop D3-Area 1: Cloud services and simulation, Knowledge-based tools and integrated product-process design and simulation Impact
 Periodic Reporting for period 2 - I4MS-Growth (Support and stimulation of dynamic and organic growth of pan European ICT for Manufacturing SME Innovation Ecosystems) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 2 - I4MS-Growth (Support and stimulation of dynamic and organic growth of pan European ICT for Manufacturing SME Innovation Ecosystems) Result description The I4MS initiative was launched by the EC on July 2013 which has shown substantial success, contributing to the progressive development of European SMEs and adopting advanced ICT solutions for manufacturing
 Coordination and support action (CSA) Taxon title Coordination and support action (CSA)

Description The work has resulted in several surprising outcomes and interesting points of view on the implication of the ‘Custom-Fit technology’ for further business deals and for consumers.

Description with the adequate amount of information also considering the cognitive load when performing certain operations. - The development of new information structures and information flow approaches so as to
Comments New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Domain 5: Human-centric manufacturing RP 5.6 Plug & Play
 Automotive Pilot - Foundry Operators and Maintenance Technicians Support Result title Automotive Pilot - Foundry Operators and Maintenance Technicians Support Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Batch Difference Application Result description The app is capable of highlight changes in material types, material quantities and tool settings based on the requirements of the new and the previous product type. Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Sense&React Shell & Adaptation Engine Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Assembly/Construction Supporter Application Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Material Handling Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Production Planning Application (Daily Construction Plan) Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 User List (& Geomanagement) Application Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Sense&React Integrated Platform Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Tool Finder Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Expert Finder Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 White Goods Pilot - Assembly Process Support and Exception Handling Support Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 EWO Form Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Operator Support Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Maintenance Support Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Wear & Malfunction Monitor Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Shopfloor notification mobile application (Context Aware Message Server) Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Cognitive Load pro-active Assessment Method (CLAM) Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Shipyard Pilot Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Production Overview Application Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Sense&React Backend System Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Sense&React Localization & Status Monitoring Engine Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 Mobile Foreman App Result comments SENSE AND REACT
 RP 5.4 New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems Taxon title RP 5.4 New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems
 Domain 5: Human-centric manufacturing Taxon description The information must be appropriately understood and utilised by knowledge workers and stakeholders, at all levels, in the manufacturing and business processes of the manufacturing value chain.

Description The development of highly efficient production systems able to minimize production costs and improve productivity and product quality is universally recognized as one of the central themes of Smart Manufacturing
 SINFONET general introduction video Result description It gives you a general idea of SINFONET's purposes, services, partners and projects (such as the PreMANI project).

Description of the art, manufacturing systems and equipment.
Organisation University of Firenze
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Customised products Manufacturing future products Manufacturing the products of the future Economic sustainability Manufacturing
 Control system for the smart clamping devices Result title Control system for the smart clamping devices Result description dampers) and communication between the fixture system and the operator.
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 RP 1.10 Manufacturing of high performance flexible structures Taxon description Polymers, elastomers and advanced textiles are a large component of European manufacturing advantage, and new manufacturing methods and technologies are needed to realise the full potential of such high

Description DREAM targets the development of a competitive supply chain to increase the productivity of laser-based AM and to bring it a significant step further towards larger scale industrial manufacturing.
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Economic sustainability Manufacturing performance characteristics Increasing human achievements in manufacturing systems Manufacturing
 Periodic Reporting for period 2 - DREAM (Driving up Reliability and Efficiency of Additive Manufacturing) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 2 - DREAM (Driving up Reliability and Efficiency of Additive Manufacturing) Result description DREAM stands for “Driving up Reliability and Efficiency of Additive Manufacturing” and it was funded under Horizon 2020 Factories of the Future Initiative with an EU contribution of more than 3,2 millions
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 Advanced material processing technologies Taxon description The efficiency and sustainability of both the manufacturing of actual and future products is still very much determined by the processes that shape and assemble the components of these products.

Description The challenges related to the production of new customisation features will be researched within a framework based on two distinct business and supply chain models.
Comments Domain 6: Customer-focused manufacturing FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities RP 6.9 On-demand manufacturing of customer-centric products FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Domain 6: Customer-focused
 Final Report Summary - MICRO-DRESS (Customised Wearable Functionality and Eco-Materials – Extending the limits of Apparel Mass customisation) Result title Final Report Summary - MICRO-DRESS (Customised Wearable Functionality and Eco-Materials – Extending the limits of Apparel Mass customisation)
 RP 6.9 On-demand manufacturing of customer-centric products Taxon title RP 6.9 On-demand manufacturing of customer-centric products
 Domain 6: Customer-focused manufacturing Taxon description It focuses on the links between the business, customers, and the environment, in formulating a requirements specification by incorporating both the ‘voice of the customer’ and the ‘voice of the environment

Description The EMB3Rs platform will then autonomously and intuitively assess the feasibility of new business scenarios and identify the technical solutions.
Organisation THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK
 Excess heat regulations, contracts and business models– with a special focus on excess heat opportunities in Denmark Result title Excess heat regulations, contracts and business models– with a special focus on excess heat opportunities in Denmark
 Periodic Reporting for period 1 - EMB3Rs (User-driven Energy-Matching & Business prospection tool for industrial Excess heat/cold Reduction, Recovery and Redistribution) Result description The research project EMB3Rs (User-driven Energy-Matching & Business Prospection Tool for Industrial Excess Heat/Cold Reduction, Recovery and Redistribution) aims to develop a planning tool – the EMB3Rs

Description Manufacturing is the driving force behind Europe’s economy, providing over €6,553 billion of GDP.
Comments performance characteristics Reducing the consumption of energy Manufacturing performance characteristics Environmental sustainability Information and communication technologies Technologies and enablers
 Requirements and State of the Art for Monitoring, Analysis, and Mining of Event Streams Result title Requirements and State of the Art for Monitoring, Analysis, and Mining of Event Streams
 Exploitation Roadmap Result description Future versions will update all sections, include details of any IPR matters that may have arisen, and expand into additional areas including business and license models, target market segments, and Return
 Reducing the consumption of energy Taxon title Reducing the consumption of energy
 Domain 3: Digital, virtual and resource-efficient factories Taxon description At process level complex numerical models, like highly non linear FEM models from multistage processes including temperature cycles and functional behaviour become more and more a part of the innovation

Description CM markets, where entry barriers for new players and margins are decreasing; new business models revolving around monetizing available technologies in new ways.
Organisation ENGINEERS FOR BUSINESS IPIRESIES TECHNOLOGIAS KAI MICHANIKIS ANONIMI ETAIRIA (EfB)
 On the mechanics of strain localization in plasticity: isotropic and orthotropic, elasto- and rigid-plastic, associated and non-associated models Result title On the mechanics of strain localization in plasticity: isotropic and orthotropic, elasto- and rigid-plastic, associated and non-associated models
 Aerospace Pilot – Jet engine manufacturing & maintenance (GRC) Result description It supports the work of GE’s business groups by performing research aligned with GE’s business needs.

Description Human skills are the main driver that enables producing high added value products in Europe. Thus the manufacturing processes are based on utilizing these skills.
Comments : Human-centric manufacturing FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities RP 5.4 New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems FoF Partnership SRIA
 Final Report Summary - ROBO-PARTNER (Seamless Human-Robot Cooperation for Intelligent, Flexible and Safe Operations in the Assembly Factories of the Future) Result title Final Report Summary - ROBO-PARTNER (Seamless Human-Robot Cooperation for Intelligent, Flexible and Safe Operations in the Assembly Factories of the Future)
 Augmented Reality (AR) package for human-robot cooperation Result description upon request: a) 3D overlaid models and animations of each step of the assembly process, b) Show informational text messages concerning the production process and c) Visualize information concerning
 Simplified robot programming suite and applications Result acronym ROBO-PARTNER PROGRAMMING SUITE AND APPLICATIONS
 RP 5.4 New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems Taxon title RP 5.4 New ways of interaction and collaboration between workers and other resources in manufacturing systems
 Domain 5: Human-centric manufacturing Taxon description The information must be appropriately understood and utilised by knowledge workers and stakeholders, at all levels, in the manufacturing and business processes of the manufacturing value chain.

Description Integrate new laser processes with maximum 10% price increase Implement innovative and unconventional technologies along the European manufacturing value chain.
 Experimental Identification and Physical Interpretations of 2-D Tensor Magnetic Properties of a Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Magnetized Between the Rolling and the Transverse Directions Result title Experimental Identification and Physical Interpretations of 2-D Tensor Magnetic Properties of a Grain-Oriented Electrical Steel Magnetized Between the Rolling and the Transverse Directions
 Mechanical models Result description for the proof of concept magnetic circuits. o Implementation of validated models for final sheet samples and structures (M33): report, physical formulations. o Technical specifications for the prototypes

Description DIH-World aims to accelerate the uptake of advanced digital technologies by European manufacturing SMEs in all sectors and support them in building sustainable competitive advantages and reaching global
Organisation ASOCIATIA INTREPRINDERILOR MICI SIMIJLOCII COVASNA (THE SMALL AND MIDDLE COMPANIES ASSOCIATION IN COVASNACOUNTY ASIMCOV)
 Periodic Reporting for period 1 - DIH-World (DIH-World - Accelerating deployment and matureness of DIHs for the benefit of Digitisation of European SMEs) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 1 - DIH-World (DIH-World - Accelerating deployment and matureness of DIHs for the benefit of Digitisation of European SMEs)
 DIH Academy Analysis ready Result description D54 analyses the DIH Academy outcomes The deliverable will include some public information of the business plans

Description The impact of LEVEL-UP to the European manufacturing industry, but also the society itself, can be summarised in the following (with a horizon of 4 years after project ends): increase of the material
Organisation Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering (INEGI)
Comments involves the assessment and utilization of new materials and alloys with better technical capabilities for those components that are more frequently broken or worn out and have to be replaced by new ones
 Identifying Potentially Profitability Impact Areas of the Implementation of New Production Technology Result title Identifying Potentially Profitability Impact Areas of the Implementation of New Production Technology
 Virtual Sensor for Accuracy Monitoring in CNC Machines Result description Ihlenfeldt, SteffenJournal title: Journal of Manufacturing and Materials ProcessingJournal number: J.
 R&I Objective 2.3: Manufacturing with new and substitute materials Comments involves the assessment and utilization of new materials and alloys with better technical capabilities for those components that are more frequently broken or worn out and have to be replaced by new ones

Description A complete system of inspection, quality control, functional testing and measurements using advance system and sensors will be optimised in the project for efficient manufacturing of opto-electronics parts
 Periodic Reporting for period 2 - OLEDSOLAR (Innovative manufacturing processes and in-line monitoring techniques for the OLED and thin film and organic photovoltaic industries (CIGS and OPV)) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 2 - OLEDSOLAR (Innovative manufacturing processes and in-line monitoring techniques for the OLED and thin film and organic photovoltaic industries (CIGS and OPV)) Result description thin film photovoltaic manufacturing industries (CIGS and OPV).

Description SO SMART will provide a set of guidelines and perspectives to address new forms of interaction between process, machinery and human beings in new kind of socially, economically and environmentally sustainable
Organisation Chalmers University of Technology
Comments SRIA Research priorities RP 5.1 New manufacturing education methods and e-learning FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Domain 5: Human-centric manufacturing RP 5.3 Levels of automation and continuous
 Final Report Summary - SO SMART (Socially sustainable manufacturing for the Factories of the Future – SO SMART) Result title Final Report Summary - SO SMART (Socially sustainable manufacturing for the Factories of the Future – SO SMART)
 RP 5.1 New manufacturing education methods and e-learning Taxon title RP 5.1 New manufacturing education methods and e-learning Taxon description New ICT frameworks for realizing a 2-way knowledge communication channel between the factory (real life manufacturing) and the academic site / classroom.

Description • The development of innovative fast curing primers to permit the employment of de-bonding on demand adhesives to foster the adhesion between the composite and other metallic part, the recycling and
Comments Domain 1: Advanced manufacturing processes RP 1.3 Automated production of thermoset and thermoplastic composite structures/products FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Sub-Domain 1.1 Processing
 Final Report Summary - COALINE (Development of an innovative manufacturing process for the in-LINE COAting of pultruded composites) Result title Final Report Summary - COALINE (Development of an innovative manufacturing process for the in-LINE COAting of pultruded composites)
 RP 1.3 Automated production of thermoset and thermoplastic composite structures/products Taxon title RP 1.3 Automated production of thermoset and thermoplastic composite structures/products
 Domain 1: Advanced manufacturing processes Taxon description The emphasis of new materials and to some extent existing materials is on manufacturing at scale, whilst achieving the flexibility and responsiveness needed to accommodate changes in market demand.

Description CTC vision of local flexible manufacturing of green personalized furniture is to be implemented by the development of 5 pillars: 1) Development of a Formalized Design Approach and related software technologies
Organisation University of applied sciences and arts of southern switzerland (SUPSI)
Comments system thanks to the application of the new suction hood Reduction of CO2 emissions (in %) Additional KPIs Contribution to the reduction of energy use and CO2 emissions use of wood panels deriving from
 Final Report Summary - CTC (Local flexible manufacturing of green personalized furniture Close To the Customer in time, space and cost.) Result title Final Report Summary - CTC (Local flexible manufacturing of green personalized furniture Close To the Customer in time, space and cost.)
 High efficient suction hood Result description Extraction hood that can be opened sideways in the lower part. In this way, rabbets and freeform contours can be milled. The suction hood allows up to 99.7% removal of chip.
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 Domain 6: Customer-focused manufacturing Taxon description It focuses on the links between the business, customers, and the environment, in formulating a requirements specification by incorporating both the ‘voice of the customer’ and the ‘voice of the environment

Description AM has demonstrated to possess the capability to generate future revenues, to develop novel disruptive business models, not seen up to date, that could help to keep manufacturing in Europe competing with
Organisation European Regions Research and Innovation Network
Comments Advanced material processing technologies Technologies and enablers Additive manufacturing Technologies and enablers Advanced material processing technologies Domain 1 - Advanced Manufacturing Processes
 Periodic Reporting for period 2 - FoFAM (Industrial and regional valorization of FoF Additive Manufacturing Projects) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 2 - FoFAM (Industrial and regional valorization of FoF Additive Manufacturing Projects)
 Additive manufacturing Roadmap: gaps and actions on market driven value chains Result description It is fundamental for the value chain selection to originate from the investigation of sectors with the most potential to contribute to bridging the gap between current knowledge and the successful commercialisation
 Advanced material processing technologies Taxon description The efficiency and sustainability of both the manufacturing of actual and future products is still very much determined by the processes that shape and assemble the components of these products.

Description , and place Europe in an unassailable lead in this key area of manufacturing.
Organisation THE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY CENTRE LIMITED LBG
 Periodic Reporting for period 2 - SHARK (Laser surface engineering for new and enhanced functional performance with digitally enabled knowledge base) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 2 - SHARK (Laser surface engineering for new and enhanced functional performance with digitally enabled knowledge base) Result description A form of surface engineering, laser functional texturing is a key enabling technology that is relevant to almost every industrial sector, with applications ranging from anti-icing/self-cleaning surfaces

Description MARKET4.0 will create trust in the business transactions between SME production equipment manufacturers and their customers, as an integral element of the Industrial Data Space (IDS) reference architecture
Organisation Association of Metaltechnology Industries Austria - Fachverband Metalltechnische Industrie (FMTI)
 Periodic Reporting for period 3 - MARKET4.0 (A Multi-Sided Business Platform for Plug and Produce Industrial Product Service Systems) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 3 - MARKET4.0 (A Multi-Sided Business Platform for Plug and Produce Industrial Product Service Systems)
 MARKET4.0 Metal domain DATA SPACE based on IDS RA Result description Challenge: Today, the selection of a new manufacturing equipment requires a big technical effort on the customer side, determining the most suitable equipment for his requirements.

Description the device to obtain the kinematic and dynamic models for industrial robots.
Organisation AMRC Manufacturing Ltd
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Novel materials Manufacturing future products Manufacturing the products of the future Economic sustainability Manufacturing performance
 Device to obtain the kinematic and dynamic models for industrial robots Result title Device to obtain the kinematic and dynamic models for industrial robots
 High Dynamic Compensation Mechanism Result description The compensation consists of real time correction after measuring the misalignment between programmed and real robot position, measured with the ATIR system.
 Robot deburring of inconel turbine discs Result acronym COMET - AMRC Manufacturing ltd
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 Economic sustainability Taxon description Economic sustainability is the component of sustainability where the focus is on commercial competitiveness and the ability to do be successful from the business perspective.

Description This will enable innovative solutions to manufacturing challenges, leading to new and improved design processes, products and services.
Organisation THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
Comments of new skills and/or job profiles Additional KPIs Number of project results taken-up for higher TRLs using additional investments Additional KPIs Contribution to the reduction of energy use and CO2
 Advanced, cloud-based HPC simulation in the foundry business Result title Advanced, cloud-based HPC simulation in the foundry business
 Cloud-based simulation for vehicle engineering Result description Physical testing is expensive due to the costs of building models and operating the test facilities. It is also time consuming, as changes to the design require new physical models to be built.
 C16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials Taxon title C16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except furniture; manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
 Product quality - Quality assurance Taxon description In business, engineering, and manufacturing, quality has a pragmatic interpretation as the non-inferiority or superiority of something; it's also defined as being suitable for its intended purpose

Description opportunities for European Independent Software Vendors, as well as for service and High Performance Computing infrastructure providers, through the creation of a new market for their products and services
Organisation THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
Comments Number of participating SMEs Additional KPIs Number of new skills and/or job profiles Additional KPIs Number of new training offerings or curricula developed Additional KPIs Number of project results
 Cloud-based correlation between simulation and tests for mechatronics Result title Cloud-based correlation between simulation and tests for mechatronics
 Cloud-based modelling for the 3-D printing of complex shapes Result description The innovative workflow designed and tested with HPC during the Experiment has allowed HSL to build a new service with significant business potential for existing and new clients.
 C MANUFACTURING Taxon title C MANUFACTURING
 Domain 3: Digital, virtual and resource-efficient factories Taxon description New paradigms in the way plants are designed and managed leveraging the best practices of enabling technologies are required to cope with competition and sustainability related issues.

Description As a key success factor for European manufacturing the transfer of innovative solutions from the laboratory into industrially robust products and the dissemination of its use stands at the heart of the
Organisation NEW INFRARED TECHNOLOGIES SL
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Advanced material processing technologies Technologies and enablers Photonics-based materials processing technologies Technologies
 Direct diode laser system for cutting of mild and stainless steel Result title Direct diode laser system for cutting of mild and stainless steel
 Two micron laser source for light weight materials and medical sector Result description of scribed grooves and other processes with the new laser source
 Sub-Domain 1.3: Business models and strategies for disruptive manufacturing processes Taxon title Sub-Domain 1.3: Business models and strategies for disruptive manufacturing processes
 Domain 1: Advanced manufacturing processes Taxon description The set of research priorities under this domain focuses on innovative processes for efficient and high quality manufacturing for either both new and current materials or products.

Description It has to be investigated how the isogeometric concepts can actually be introduced on a large scale, starting from the interoperability of typical CAD-models and new isogeometric CAD-models all the way
Comments the consumption of water and other process resources.
 Ecosystem of software tools for IsogeoemtricRepresetnation and Analysis Result title Ecosystem of software tools for IsogeoemtricRepresetnation and Analysis Result description The module that acts as an interface between isogeometric geometry model and isogeometric analysis has been extended from surfaces spline based models to volumetric spleen models.
 The TERRIFIC demonstrator Part for Isogeoemtric Analysis Result comments TERRIFIC On the web
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 RP 3.13 Integration of design methods and tools Taxon description The integration of methods and tools requires the interoperability between the various models dealing with specific problem in the factory hierarchy.

Description To fulfil these aims, the project consortium will test and validate the above developments with two pilot installations of increasing complexity and scale.
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Customised products Manufacturing future products Manufacturing the products of the future Resource efficient, sustainable products
 Experimental evaluation of the complete system Result title Experimental evaluation of the complete system Result description The third experimental evaluation of TAPAS took place November 11-15 at the Grundfos site in Bjerringbro, Denmark.
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 Economic sustainability Taxon description Economic sustainability is the component of sustainability where the focus is on commercial competitiveness and the ability to do be successful from the business perspective.

Description OPeraTIC will develop a highly efficient and modular manufacturing platform to boost the adoption of high-power Ultra-Short Pulsed Lasers, as a sustainable alternative to current surface processing.
Organisation THE UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK
 Periodic Reporting for period 1 - OPeraTIC (Boosting the adoption of Ultrashort Pulsed Laser large scale structuring with an agile, dexterous and efficient manufacturing platform) Result title Periodic Reporting for period 1 - OPeraTIC (Boosting the adoption of Ultrashort Pulsed Laser large scale structuring with an agile, dexterous and efficient manufacturing platform) Result description Laser technology is a recognized enabler for efficient and environmentally friendly manufacturing, allowing to produce eco-friendly products and substitute harmful processes.

Description Structured evaluations on the increase of awareness, interest and knowledge of manufacturing thanks to the activities were collected and elaborated.
Comments Manufacturing the products of the future Manufacturing future products Economic sustainability Manufacturing performance characteristics Social sustainability Manufacturing performance characteristics
 Manufacturing the products of the future Taxon title Manufacturing the products of the future
 Domain 5: Human-centric manufacturing Taxon description The information must be appropriately understood and utilised by knowledge workers and stakeholders, at all levels, in the manufacturing and business processes of the manufacturing value chain.

Description The Factories of the Future-PPP launched in 2008/9 has been a proven success and triggered a unique cooperation between industry, researchers and the European Institutions.
Organisation RISE Research Institutes of Sweden
Comments Domain 1: Advanced manufacturing processes FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Domain 2: Adaptive and smart manufacturing systems FoF Partnership SRIA Research priorities Domain 3: Digital, virtual
 Use and impact of existing technology transfer services within the context of Factories of the Future Result title Use and impact of existing technology transfer services within the context of Factories of the Future Result description Use and impact of existing technology transfer services within the context of Factories of the Future
 Domain 6: Customer-focused manufacturing Taxon description It focuses on the links between the business, customers, and the environment, in formulating a requirements specification by incorporating both the ‘voice of the customer’ and the ‘voice of the environment